No Country for Old Psychos

Carson Wells (Woody Harrelson) is No Country for Old Men's 'Arbogast': the smart, tough guy who enters half-way through the film, who quickly basically figures everything out.... and look where it gets him! ('If the rule you followed brought you to this, of what use was the rule?'). The prototype for this sort of character is Psycho's detective, Milton Arbogast, brilliantly played by Martin Balsam.

The original Arbogast meets his end on the stairs in one of the great deaths/scares in movie history. Carson Wells doesn't die on the stairs, but he's as good as dead once Anton Chigurh (Javier Bardem) meets him there. In the following video, I show that these two scenes have the same timing overall, and that they share visual organization once on the stairs:

The Coens know their stuff: Hitchcock backwards for sure, but also, more generally, how to structure and edit important moments to find, for example, the inner music of (and dramatic possibilities contained within) the physical geometry of someone walking up a flight of stairs.

To get a sense of how the Coens developed their scene so that it clicks so satisfyingly into place, consider how the same scene plays out in Cormac McCarthy's novel. McCarthy follows Chigurh (not Wells) for a page while he scopes out the hotel and room where Wells is staying. (And before that, whereas the Coens are still with Wells, McCarthy follows Sheriff Bell, Tommy Lee Jones's character in the film, for a page or two.) Now Chigurh goes down to the Lobby:

And there he waited for Wells. No one would do that. He sat in a leather armchair pushed back into the corner where he could see both the front door and the hallway to the rear. Wells came in at eleven-thirteen and Chigurh rose and followed him up the stairs, the shotgun wrapped loosely in the newspaper he'd been reading. Halfway up the stairs Wells turned and looked back and Chigurh let the paper fall and raised the shotgun to his waist. Hello, Carson, he said. They sat in Wells' room, Wells on the bed and Chigurh in the chair by the window. You dont have to do this, Wells said. I'm a daytrader. I could just go home....

Thus, it was the Coens who gave the film's Wells-stairs-Chigurh scene its Wells-through-line and perspective, thereby making it hew closely to how things unfold for Arbogast in Psycho.^[1]

Of course, the scene's specific beats and timing and geometry, e.g., Chigurh entering from the bottom right of the frame, are the Coens' invention entirely, even when they map abstractly to something in Psycho. Here's the Coens' November 2005 screenplay draft of the scene:

LOOKING DOWN THE WALKWAY

Carson Wells enters frame and recedes down the walkway. When he draws even with the next stanchion he looks through the fence:
Cane on the riverbank, and one gnarled tree.

EAGLE HOTEL LOBBY

Twilight. Carson Wells enters the hotel and crosses the lobby.

STAIRWAY

Carson Wells appears around the corner and we pull him as he mounts the stairs. When he is about halfway up a figure - focus does not hold him - rounds the corner behind and silently follows, holding a fatbarreled shotgun loosely at his side.
After a few steps Carson Wells stops, frowning, cued by we don't know what. Focus drops back as he turns. Chigurh raises the shotgun.

Chigurh
Hello Carson. Let's go to your room.

HOTEL ROOM

Chigurh sits into a chair drawn up....

That's the film alright, and what a beautiful thing it is. Just add perfect casting of and acting by Bardem and Harrelson, and start rehearsing your Oscars or Palme d'Or speeches. An intriguing question: Do we credit the Coens or Harrelson for Wells' taking his hat off just when he does, thereby perfecting the visual parallel with Arbogast/Balsam? A painful observation: The level of cinematic detail in the Coens' screenplay, amounting to pre-direction, is the privilege/prerogative of established writer-directors. Don't write like this at home!

The conventional wisdom is that the Coens only lightly adapted McCarthy's novel. But insofar as that wisdom is correct, to that extent it underscores just how daunting adaptation normally is, since close study confirms that the Coens changed and innovated plenty. In particular, whereas the novel is ultimately episodic, the filmed screenplay develops a visually- and driving-inspired logic of characters as continuous trajectories: interacting, near missing, diverging forever, and so on. As we've observed around the stairwell scene, the Coens achieve this largely by simplifying and smoothing out who we're with and really following at any given time. This development from the novel responds to a basic property of a specifically visual medium: that it can (and by default will) continuously apprehend the flow of a point of view through a landscape. This basic adaptation decision, while very astute in our view, does impose a cost at the end of the film. Let's explain.

Once Chigurh recovers the money (and Bell just misses him), the character trajectories we've been keeping track of either end or start diverging forever. The film's remaining business then naturally has the more episodic character of the novel. The Coens try to engineer a fast down-shift into a more novelistic mode by dissolving directly from Bell's near miss with Chigurh to Bell visiting his ex-lawman, Uncle Ellis for a long quasi-philosophical discussion (which has 'You can't stop what's comin. Ain't all waitin on you. That's vanity.' as its memorable punchline ).^[2] Unfortunately, No Country's momentum is so great by this point that viewers miss the down-shift. That is, particularly first time through, many viewers assume - wrongly - that Bell visits Ellis the day after the near miss, that Chigurh finds and kills Carla Jean at most the day after that, and so on. We're quibbling about a near perfect film here, but No Country probably did need an insert title, e.g., 'Four weeks later', over the cross-fade to Bell arriving at Ellis's.

Still, insert titles are ugly, and Hitchcock, who purposefully stocked his own films with what he called 'ice-box moments' (puzzles that viewers will only be bugged by later: canonically, when they're fixing themselves sandwiches from the fridge), wouldn't be averse to leaving audiences scrambling a bit at the end. If much of No Country's audience only figures out that its final scenes are more vignette-ish and temporally abstract than what came before, as it were, at the icebox, then perhaps they'll buy another ticket. That slightly fiendish business strategy assumes that one's film was otherwise engaging, but that's a very safe assumption about Coens and Hitchcock pictures alike.

---

^[1] Joseph Stefano wrote Psycho's ace script from Robert Bloch's novel, with lots of input from Hitchcock and, indirectly, from Hitchcock's 'secret weapon' collaborator: his wife, Alma Reville.

^[2] In the novel, Chigurh's returning the money, killing Carla Jean, being in a car accident, etc. separates Bell's scene with Ellis from his near miss with Chigurh. Ellis's 'You can't stop what's comin...' punch-line is original to the Coens' screenplay.

Clip joint: alfred hitchcock superstar

This week, swanstep wants us all to kick off celebrations of the 50th anniversary of Psycho's release with the best Hitchcock and Hitchcock-related film clips

---

Did you spend the night with her? (The Bates Motel's foyer is as ingeniously dark as its bathrooms are light.)

What would we think of Hitchcock if he'd died immediately after completing Strangers on a Train in 1951? (Compare: what would we think of Shakespeare if he'd died right before Hamlet and the Globe in 1599?) Well, he'd have directed (at least) six bona fide classics (39 Steps, Lady Vanishes, Rebecca, Shadow of a Doubt, Notorious, and Strangers), and he'd have a second tier of very successful films (at least Suspicion, Foreign Correspondent, Spellbound, Saboteur, and Lifeboat) that most directors would kill for. Truncated Hitchcock would already have done enough to be the model for (Hitchcock regular) Leo G. Carroll's 'difficult', English film director, Henry Whitfield in Minnelli's The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), and he would almost certainly be revered today as a very important director, comparable to, say, Murnau, Lang, Lubitsch, McCarey, Capra, or Sturges.

What truncated Hitchcock wouldn't be, however, is Alfred Hitchcock Superstar, the figure who emerged both artistically and in a more general, cultural sense throughout the rest of the 1950s. The core of Hitchcock's monumental achievement after 1951 is two-fold. On the one hand, he produced and directed the run of great films from Rear Window through Marnie, which is one of the glories of cinema: a body of intensely personal expression that's also big studio system film-making at its finest. On the other hand, he became an important player in early television. Alfred Hitchcock Presents, which is still widely parodied, made Hitchcock's droll persona a weekly presence in people's homes for 10 years from 1955 (and ever after in syndication), and spurred a franchising empire second only to Disney's, that reached into every dime-store (Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine from 1956) and playground (Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators from 1964).

In sum, after 1951, while in his own 50s, Hitchcock found an extra artistic gear, and also became the only true multi-media, director-star since DeMille. These two aspects of Alfred Hitchcock Superstar burn brightest, feeding each other, in Psycho, whose fiftieth anniversary we celebrate this year. Filmed cheaply in b&w, largely with Hitchcock's TV crew (except for three key film personnel: Tomasini, Herrmann, and Bass), and sold personally by Hitchcock as a direct extension of his TV persona (the trailer expands an arch Presents introduction into a six minute shaggy dog tale), Psycho was a taboo-shattering, culture-bending sensation (Mad Men's yesterday's man, Roger Sterling: 'Did you see that ridiculous Psycho? Hollywood isn't happy unless things are extreme.'). It was a punk chamber piece (literally - Herrmann's famous score used only strings) that was all the more potent for coming hot on the heels of North by Northwest's luxe romp. It also made Hitchcock fabulously rich: with a 60% share of profits, he cleared $15 million (~ add a zero to adjust for inflation).

Hitchcock's timing was perfect: he was top dog in Hollywood at the apex of US power in world GDP share terms, when the US was maximally glamorous and interesting to the rest of the world and probably to itself. Hitchcock did finally fall behind the times in the second half of the 1960s (and of his own 60s), but he made a storming comeback in the heart of the hard-R 1970s with Frenzy. Alfred Hitchcock Superstar's masterpieces therefore stretch from the Capra-Cukor-Ford 1930s golden age to the salad days of the 'movie brats'. Hitchcock is a one man history of 20th Century film, from pre-Code silents to the furtherest-out that mainstream film ever went or could ever go.

If it doesn't gel, it isn't aspic, but join me now in seeing how the great man, his superstar-dom, his influences, and his influence have congealed on-line. You might fool me, but I wouldn't recommend trying to fool my mother.

1) Hitchcock in high spirits on What's My Line? just after Rear Window's release. He signs in not just with his name but also with his profile caricature, perhaps shrewdly pre-marketing his TV show for the following year.

2) The best onscreen kiss since Grant and Bergman's in Notorious. Hitchcock in his pomp feasts at the true top-table of stars-who-made-Hollywood. The master of suspense is also a master of romance.

NbNW titles sequence

3) Three stars, the cream of collaborators behind the camera, and an apex of personal branding for Hitchcock as he makes one of his most forceful cameos underneath his director credit. Top dog.

4) Into the shower. There had never been anything like it. The blood that flows toward the drain comes in pulses. We orbit an eye the size of a space-station. Janet Leigh's magnificent face-down plant into the bathroom floor remains the only convincing still-warm, dead body in movie history.

5) Frenzy unsparingly depicts Brenda Blaney's murder and rape, but leaves the next victim, Babs's demise to our imaginations. We imagine it beforehand as we track backwards ahead of Babs and her murderer walking blithely to her doom, and we imagine it afterwards (or as it's actually happening) as the camera retreats down the murderer's stairs, out of the building and across the street. It's Noe's Irreversible coming and Haneke's Funny Games going.

popular up to nov 1986

Light in Psycho

The Bates Motel's foyer is as ingeniously and selectively dark:

as its bathrooms are light: